The value of vegetation cover for ecosystem services in the suburban context

Latin-American cities can be characterized by dynamic processes of urbanization that encroach upon the natural and semi-natural surrounding landscapes. Our study presents the effects of landscape development, transformed from semi-natural conditions into a mostly disperse suburban settlement. We explore the impact that this transformation has had on this context by three ecosystem services that regulate rainwater runoff, enhance microclimate conditions and help to improve air quality by monitoring vegetation cover. We have designed a spatio-temporal hierarchical analysis which employs remote sensing techniques to capture the structural changes of this landscape over long, medium and short term scales on two spatial levels. This methodological approach was tested in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS) as case study area. Despite of the increase in impervious surfaces due to urban processes, there has also been an increase in vegetation cover, which has led to an improvement in the provision of the above-mentioned ecosystem services. Hence, if diverse urbanization processes continue and they are coupled with an increase in vegetation cover, the provision of ecosystem services could also expand. This phenomenon can be observed in some areas, where public and private green spaces are created and maintained. Our data analyses give evidence that certain types of suburban areas which increase the share of vegetation cover can provide daily ecological benefits for urban neighborhoods, and beyond, for adjacent areas. Moreover, suburban development can successfully provide ecological benefits to citizens. Such processes can only be ecologically sustainable if the composition of vegetation is well-adapted to the regional climatic conditions.     

基于生态文明的半干旱区土地资源综合承载力评价研究

土地资源面积的有限性,位置固定性和区域差异性,造成了其供给稀缺性;而土地资源具有养育、支撑、资源和资产等功能,其需求旺盛;土地资源供给的稀缺性与社会需求的无限性之间存在矛盾。笔者运用经济学的总需求-总供给模型(AD-AS模型),立足生态文明角度,从供求方面对区域土地资源承载力进行探讨,以山西省大同市为案例区。研究结果表明:(1)由耕地需求量、建设用地需求量和生态用地需求量构成的土地资源综合承载力总需求,2011—2015年大同市土地综合承载力总需求分别为0.5309、0.5542、0.5770、0.5797和0.6030;其总体趋势增加;(2)由耕地支撑能力、建设用地支撑能力和生态支撑能力构成的土地综合承载力总供给,2011—2015年大同市土地综合承载力总供给分别为1.423、1.466、2.104、1.531和1.509;(3)2011—2015年大同市土地综合承载力处于超载,2013年超载最大,2015年超载最小,说明大同市的土地资源承载力超载现象在改善。运用此方法进行土地资源综合承载力评价,在土地资源承载力研究中更为科学和合理,使得人们更为关注生态文明,为建立社会、经济、生态和谐的人地关系提供了新的依据。     

辽宁省农村土地流转的金融服务探索

随着经济全球化的发展和我国现代化产业结构的不断调整,粮食安全的支撑重要性越发明显,但农村目前的青壮年劳动力却面临主动或被动脱离土地的窘境。如何推动农村土地流转,提升土地利用率,增加农业生产效应,加强其相关金融服务是一项重要有效途径。通过研究,发现辽宁省农村土地流转的金融服务存在一系列的问题,并给出相应的政策建议。     

自然资源视角下的林地界定标准探究 ——以上海市某区为例

系统梳理国内外关于林地界定的标准,重点分析我国目前已发布的林地界定标准《林地分类》(LY/T1812-2009)和《土地利用现状分类》(GB/T21010-2017)的差异。以上海市某区为例,具体分析林地界定差异引起的数据统计及相关管理、审批等方面的问题,结合自然资源统一管控趋势,提出增加复合用地分类,统一具体认定口径,建立分类对照表,明确林地界定的状态等林地界定标准修订及相关管理完善建议。     

Response of confection sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in a semi‐arid environment to planting date and early termination of irrigation

Adjustments on planting date and on the time to terminate irrigation may reduce agricultural water use. However, such management practices in regions with extreme weather conditions have the potential to negatively affect yield. A 3‐year (2012–2014) study was conducted on a clay‐loam soil in a cool, semi‐arid environment to (i) determine the response of confection sunflower to planting date and irrigation termination timing and (ii) identify the relative importance of yield components in irrigated confection sunflower across planting dates. Early May planting had considerable negative effects on all studied variables, except on the percentage of large seeds. The highest yield of total and large seeds was obtained from the late May plantings, averaging 3,777 and 3,379 kg/ha, respectively. None of the irrigation strategies affected the measured variables. However, the interaction between planting date and termination of irrigation significantly affected the 1,000‐seed weight. Our study revealed the last week of May as suitable planting period for confection sunflower in the semi‐arid north‐western region of Wyoming, USA, and that irrigation on heavy soils may be terminated as early as at R5.5 stage without a significant yield reduction. The path‐coefficient analysis indicated head diameter and the number of seeds per head as important traits that significantly influence the yield of confection sunflower across planting dates.     

大连国家生态工业示范园净水厂使用林地可行性分析

首先,提出了大连国家生态工业示范园净水厂建设的必要性;然后,分析项目使用林地对当地森林资源、生物多样性、生态效能、景观风貌、环境质量及林业发展的影响;最后,结合园区供水安全现状、相关法规及其自然地理情况,综合分析该项目使用林地的可行性,为林业管理者科学管理提供参考依据。分析表明,为了保障大连国家生态工业示范园区供水安全,建设大连国家生态工业示范园净水厂使用林地是可行的。     

京郊边际土地纤维素类能源草规模化种植与管理技术

为探索能源植物在北京及周边地区的发展潜力,在京郊挖沙废弃地、荒滩地、撂荒地、污染农田4种边际土地上开展了柳枝稷、荻、芦竹和杂交狼尾草4种纤维素类能源草的规模化种植。在此基础上,总结提出了京郊边际土地纤维素类能源草规模化种植与管理技术,为基于边际土地发展京郊生物质原料生产与生物质能源产业奠定了良好的技术基础。     

河南省光山县土地整理中的问题与对策

以河南省光山县为具体案例,对我国土地整理过程中存在的问题进行分析,并提出有效解决对策。     

土地整治项目对农田生态系统影响的能值分析

为在项目尺度构建土地整治农田生态系统能值分析框架,以江苏省宜兴市土地整治项目作为案例,根据设定的土地整治工程使用年限,从项目建设-使用过程和项目全生命周期2个时间维度,对土地整治工程建设对农田生态系统的影响进行了研究。结果表明:在项目建设-使用过程维度,1)项目建设期大量物料投入和电力等资源输入,导致能值投入加大,能值产出下降;2)受土地整治影响,项目建设导致农田生态系统自给能力减弱,对外界经济投入依赖度增加,净能值产出率下降,环境负载率增大,农田生态系统可持续发展能力下降;从生命全周期来看,3)由于土地整治工程的影响,各项能值指标在项目建设期出现陡增和陡降现象,随着土地整治工程竣工以及效益发挥,各项能值开始趋于平稳,并在全周期末各项指标优于土地整治前各项指标,全生命周期内预计给农田生态系统带来2.23E+19sej能值产出和60.15万美元能值-货币价值。综合而言,土地整治在项目建成后的10年内对项目区农田生态系统具有积极影响,但此后,可能将对项目区的生态环境造成了一定的压力。     

不同光质组合对生菜生长和能量利用效率的影响

【目的】筛选较优的光质组合,提高人工光植物工厂生菜产量和能量利用效率。【方法】以光强为200μmol/(m~2·s),R/B为4/1的红蓝光(RB)为对照,在光强为150μmol/(m~2·s),R/B为4/1的红蓝背景光基础上,分别添加50μmol/(m~2·s)的绿光(G)、黄光(Y)、橙光(O)和远红光(FR)组成4种不同光质组合处理,分别用RBG、RBY、RBO和RBFR表示,对不同光质组合处理生菜的生长及形态、光合能力、能量利用效率等指标进行比较研究。【结果】RBG、RBO和RBFR处理生菜地上部鲜质量较RB处理分别增加14.5%,14.5%和30.8%,地上部干质量分别增加13.3%,24.1%和29.9%(P0.05)。RBG处理可以增加生菜的株高、总叶面积、净光合速率和能量利用效率。与RB处理相比,RBY处理对生菜的地上部干、鲜质量影响不显著;RBO处理可以提高生菜叶片的光合能力和能量利用效率。RBFR处理可以增加生菜的地上部干、鲜质量,但在实际生产中,生菜叶片较易出现烧尖现象。【结论】RBG和RBO是工光植物工厂生产中较为合适的光质组合。